Published Research
Highlights of Animal and In-Vitro Studies for TSC:
Radiation sensitization studies show significant effects
- Rat and mouse tumor models have been studied in conjunction with radiation therapy and TSC
- Numerous studies compare various doses of TSC with radiation therapy versus radiation therapy alone
- Significant improvements in survival, tumor shrinkage and tumor control seen
Hypoxia-related animal models show significant effects
- Hemorrhagic shock: improvement in survival
- Cardiovascular disease/stroke: reduced ischemic penumbra
- Respiratory disorders: enhanced PO2
- Oxygen enhancement in hyperoxic animals: allows study of TSC’s dose/response/duration of action
In vitro and in silico studies support the mechanism of action
- Demonstrate enhanced hydrogen bonding
- Demonstrate enhanced diffusion of both oxygen and glucose by about 30 percent
- Alternative mechanism hypotheses do not explain increased tissue oxygen consumption
Published Research
Sheehan J, Popp B, Monteith S, Toulmin A, Tomlinson J, Martin J, Cifarelli C. Trans sodium crocetinate: functional neuro-imaging studies in a hypoxic brain tumor. J Neurosurg. DOI: 10.3171/2011.5.JNS101954, 2011.
Sheehan J, Shaffrey M, Gupta B, Larner J, Rich J, Park D. Improving the radiosensitivity of radioresistant and hypoxic glioblastoma. Future Oncology (2010)6(10), 1591-1601, 2010.
Sheehan J, Cifarelli CP, Dassoulas K, Olson C, Rainey J, Han S. Trans-sodium crocetinate enhancing survival and glioma response on magnetic resonance imaging to radiation and temozolomide.Journal of Neurosurgery. 2010; 1309: 234–239.
Sheehan, J, Sherman J, Cifarelli C, Jagannathan J, Dassoulas K, Olson C, Rainey J, Han S. Effect of trans sodium crocetinate on brain tumor oxgenation . Journal of Neurosurgery. 2009;111:226-229.
Sheehan J, Ionescu A, Pouratian N, Hamilton DK, Schlesinger D, Oskouian RJ, Sansur C. Use of trans sodium crocetinate for sensitizing glioblastoma multiforme to radiation. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2008: 108(5):972-97.
Okonkwo D, Wagner J, Melon D, et al. Trans-Sodium Crocetinate Increases Oxygen Delivery to Brain Parenchyma in Rats on Oxygen Supplementation. Neuroscience Letters. 2003;352:97-100.
Hiatt W, Barz K, Gainer J, Mohler E. Evaluation of Trans Sodium Crocetinate on Safety and Exercise Performance in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease and Intermittent Claudication. Circulation. 2010; 122:A12341.
Lapchak P; Efficacy and Safety Profile of the Carotenoid Trans Sodium Crocetinate Administered to Rabbits Following Multiple Infarct Ischemic Strokes: A Combination Therapy Study with Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Brain Res. 2010;1309:136-145.
Manabe H, Okonkwo DO, Gainer JL, Clarke RH, Lee KS. Protection against focal ischemic injury to the brain by trans-sodium crocetinate. Journal of Neurosurgery. [Epub ahead of print] 2009; Vol. 0, No. 0, Pages 1-8 (doi: 10.3171/2009.10.JNS09562). Online Podcast
Stennett A, Murray R, Roy J, Gainer J. Trans-Sodium Crocetinate and Hemorrhagic Shock. Shock. 2007: 28(3):339-344.
Gainer J, Stennett A, Murray R. The Effect of Trans Sodium Crocetinate (TSC) in a Rat Oleic Acid Model of Acute Lung Injury. Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2005;18:213-216.
